Peppermint For Ibs Bloating Clinical Evidence

Table of Contents

1. What the Science Actually Says
2. How Peppermint Works in the Gut
3. Clinical Evidence Breakdown
4. Best Forms: Capsules vs Tea vs Oil
5. Does It Work for All IBS Subtypes?
6. Side Effects and Safety
7. How It Compares to Prescription Drugs
8. Dosage and Practical Guidelines
9. Frequently Asked Questions
10. Bottom Line

Introduction

If you've spent any time searching for natural relief from irritable bowel syndrome, you've almost certainly stumbled across peppermint. It's recommended in forums, stocked in pharmacies, praised by naturopaths, and — increasingly — discussed in peer-reviewed journals. But when it comes to peppermint for IBS bloating clinical evidence, separating genuine science from wellness marketing isn't always straightforward.

This post does exactly that.

We've dug into the meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and clinical guidelines published over the last decade to give you a complete, honest picture of what peppermint can — and cannot — do for IBS sufferers. Whether you're considering peppermint capsules IBS treatments, reaching for a cup of peppermint tea bloating relief, or wondering whether peppermint oil for IBS is worth the investment, the evidence below will help you make an informed decision.

Let's start with the most important question: what does the science actually say?

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What the Science Actually Says

The short answer: peppermint oil has more clinical backing than most over-the-counter IBS remedies.

The longer answer requires a look at the body of research that has built up since the early 2000s, culminating in a clear endorsement from major gastroenterology guidelines and a growing body of randomized controlled trial (RCT) data.

The 2013 Meta-Analysis: The First Major Turning Point

Perhaps the most cited piece of research on this topic is the 2013 meta-analysis published in the Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology (PubMed ID: 24100754). Researchers pooled data from five high-quality studies involving 392 patients and compared peppermint oil for IBS against placebo.

The findings were striking:

• Global IBS symptom improvement: Peppermint oil was significantly superior to placebo, with a relative risk (RR) of 2.23 (95% CI: 1.78–2.81). In plain terms, patients taking peppermint oil were more than twice as likely to report meaningful overall symptom relief.
• Abdominal pain specifically: Across five studies and 357 patients, peppermint oil again outperformed placebo with an RR of 2.14 (95% CI: 1.64–2.79).

These are not trivial effect sizes. An RR of over 2.0 in clinical research suggests a genuinely robust treatment signal — one that's difficult to dismiss as chance or placebo noise, particularly across multiple independent studies.

Adverse events were reported as mild, with the most common being heartburn — an issue largely resolved by enteric-coated formulations, which we'll discuss shortly.

The 2018 ACG Guidelines: Official Clinical Recognition

By 2018, the evidence had grown strong enough that the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) incorporated peppermint oil into its clinical practice guidelines. A systematic review of seven RCTs found a relative risk of 0.54 (95% CI: 0.39–0.76) for remaining symptomatic with peppermint oil versus placebo.

Put differently: patients on peppermint oil were nearly half as likely to remain symptomatic compared to those on placebo. This level of evidence is what pushed peppermint oil from a "natural remedy" into the category of a clinically recognized treatment option.

This was a landmark moment. It's not common for a plant-derived compound to receive this level of institutional endorsement from mainstream gastroenterology bodies.

How Peppermint Works in the Gut

Understanding why peppermint works requires a brief look at its primary active compound: menthol.

The Role of Menthol

Menthol IBS relief is not simply anecdotal — it has a well-characterized pharmacological mechanism. Menthol, the key bioactive constituent of Mentha piperita, acts as a selective calcium channel antagonist in smooth muscle cells of the gastrointestinal tract.

Here's what that means in practice:

• Calcium ions are essential for muscle contraction. When menthol blocks calcium channels in smooth muscle, it prevents the excessive, uncoordinated contractions that cause cramping and spasms.
• This makes peppermint a natural smooth muscle relaxant — which is precisely why its classification as a peppermint anti-spasmodic effect agent is scientifically accurate.

Peppermint and Gut Spasms

Peppermint and gut spasms have a well-established relationship. IBS is characterized in part by abnormal gut motility — the bowel either contracts too forcefully, too frequently, or in a poorly coordinated manner. These dysfunctional contractions produce the cramping, urgency, and bloating that IBS patients know all too well.

By relaxing smooth muscle, menthol directly targets this underlying dysfunction. This is why peppermint gut motility research consistently shows that peppermint slows and normalizes GI transit in patients with hyperactive bowel.

Mentha Piperita Digestion: Beyond Just Spasms

Mentha piperita digestion research also suggests broader effects:

• Visceral pain desensitization: Menthol activates TRPM8 receptors in the gut, which can modulate pain perception. This may explain why peppermint reduces not just spasms but the subjective experience of abdominal pain.
• Anti-inflammatory properties: Some laboratory studies suggest menthol has mild anti-inflammatory effects on gut tissue, potentially reducing mucosal irritation.
• Modulation of serotonin receptors: Emerging research suggests menthol may interact with 5-HT3 receptors, which play a key role in gut motility and visceral hypersensitivity — two core features of IBS.

Peppermint Stomach Calming: The Integrated Effect

The combined result of these mechanisms is what clinicians describe as a peppermint stomach calming effect. Rather than targeting a single symptom, peppermint oil appears to address multiple pathophysiological features of IBS simultaneously: spasm, hypersensitivity, and dysmotility.

This multi-target action may partly explain why it performs so well in clinical trials relative to single-mechanism pharmaceutical agents.

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Clinical Evidence Breakdown

Let's go deeper into the specific trials that form the foundation of our current understanding.

Study 1: The 2015 Enteric-Coated Formulation Trial

Published in Gastroenterology & Hepatology (September 2015), this study specifically examined a novel enteric-coated peppermint oil formulation — a delivery method designed to release the oil in the small intestine rather than the stomach (thereby reducing heartburn side effects).

Key findings at 4 weeks:

| Outcome | Peppermint Oil Group | Placebo Group | Statistical Significance | |---|---|---|---| | Total IBS symptom score reduction | 40% | 25% | P = 0.0246 | | Reduction in unbearable abdominal pain intensity | 79% | 40% | Clinically significant |

A 79% reduction in unbearable abdominal pain versus 40% in the placebo group is a clinically meaningful difference — and one that would be considered impressive even for prescription pharmaceutical agents.

This study was significant not just for its outcomes but for validating that peppermint capsules IBS treatment — specifically enteric-coated versions — delivered superior results compared to older formulations.

Study 2: The 2016 Cash et al. RCT (IBgard)

The Cash et al. study, published in 2016 and referenced in multiple subsequent reviews (including PMC6337770), examined IBgard, a specific proprietary enteric-coated peppermint oil product, in 72 patients with IBS-M (mixed type) and IBS-D (diarrhea-predominant).

Key findings over 4 weeks:

• IBS symptom reduction: 40% in the peppermint oil group vs. 24.3% in placebo (P = 0.0246)
• Improvements were noted across multiple symptom domains including abdominal pain, bloating, urgency, and incomplete evacuation

This RCT was particularly important because it focused on two of the most common and debilitating IBS subtypes — IBS-D and IBS-M — providing direct evidence for clinicians treating these patient populations.

Study 3: The 2023 PERSUADE RCT — A Note of Caution

The most recent major trial is the PERSUADE RCT (NCT05799053), which examined a small intestinal-release peppermint oil formulation and represents the cutting edge of current research.

Crucially, the results were more mixed:

• Response rates for abdominal pain/discomfort: 46.8% (peppermint oil) vs. 34.4% (placebo)
• However, the study did not reach statistical significance on its primary endpoint

What should we make of this? A few important points:

1. The difference is still clinically plausible — a 12.4 percentage point difference in response rates is not trivial, even if it didn't cross the statistical significance threshold in this particular trial.
2. Formulation matters enormously. The PERSUADE trial used a different delivery mechanism than the studies showing strong results. The science of where in the GI tract peppermint oil is released appears to significantly influence efficacy.
3. Sample size and patient selection matter. A single trial failing to reach significance does not overturn a body of evidence built across 7+ RCTs and multiple meta-analyses.

The PERSUADE trial is a useful reminder that not all peppermint oil products are created equal — and that formulation-specific research is still evolving.

What the Aggregate Evidence Tells Us

Taken together, the peppermint IBS review literature consistently points in the same direction: enteric-coated peppermint oil capsules, dosed appropriately, provide statistically and clinically meaningful improvements in IBS symptoms — particularly abdominal pain and bloating — compared to placebo.

The effect sizes are:

• Larger than many patients expect from a natural remedy
• Comparable to, and sometimes exceeding, some pharmaceutical antispasmodics in head-to-head contexts
• More robust for abdominal pain and global symptom reduction than for any single isolated symptom like bloating alone

Best Forms: Capsules vs Tea vs Oil

Not all forms of peppermint deliver the same therapeutic benefits. This is one of the most practically important distinctions to understand.

Enteric-Coated Peppermint Oil Capsules

This is the form with the strongest clinical evidence backing. Enteric-coated peppermint capsules IBS formulations are designed to pass through the stomach without dissolving, releasing their active content in the small intestine where it can work most effectively on gut smooth muscle.

Why enteric coating matters:

• Without it, peppermint oil dissolves in the stomach, causing lower esophageal sphincter relaxation — which is what produces the heartburn side effect
• Enteric coating ensures delivery to the target tissue (small intestinal smooth muscle)
• All major positive RCTs have used enteric-coated formulations

Look for products providing approximately 180–225mg of peppermint oil per capsule (more on dosing below).

Peppermint Tea

Peppermint tea bloating relief is one of the most commonly searched topics in this space — and for good reason. Tea is accessible, affordable, pleasant to drink, and has centuries of traditional use behind it.

However, the clinical evidence for peppermint tea is far weaker than for capsules. Here's why:

• Concentration: Tea contains a fraction of the menthol content found in standardized oil capsules
• Delivery: Hot water extraction captures some but not all of the bioactive compounds in peppermint leaves
• Standardization: There's no way to know exactly how much menthol you're getting in a cup of tea
• Stomach release: Like non-enteric-coated capsules, tea releases peppermint in the stomach

That said, peppermint tea is not without benefit. For mild bloating, indigestion, or as a relaxing ritual that reduces stress-related gut symptoms, it remains a reasonable low-risk option. Just don't expect tea to replicate the results seen in clinical trials using concentrated enteric-coated capsules.

Best use case for peppermint tea: Mild, occasional bloating or digestive discomfort; post-meal stomach settling; stress-related gut symptoms.

Liquid Peppermint Oil (Without Enteric Coating)

Some products offer peppermint oil in liquid form or in standard (non-enteric-coated) capsules. These are generally not recommended for IBS treatment because:

• They release in the stomach, bypassing the target tissue
• They significantly increase the risk of heartburn and acid reflux
• Clinical evidence specifically supports enteric-coated formulations

Peppermint-Infused Foods and Supplements

Peppermint is often found as a flavoring in various supplements, protein bars, and functional foods. The menthol content in these products is typically far too low to produce meaningful therapeutic effects on IBS symptoms.

Summary Recommendation:

| Form | Evidence Level | Best For | |---|---|---| | Enteric-coated capsules | ★★★★★ Strong | IBS symptoms, abdominal pain, bloating | | Peppermint tea | ★★☆☆☆ Mild | Mild bloating, digestive comfort | | Non-coated capsules/liquid oil | ★☆☆☆☆ Weak | Not recommended for IBS | | Peppermint foods/flavoring | ★☆☆☆☆ Weak | Not therapeutic |

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Does It Work for All IBS Subtypes?

IBS is not a single, uniform condition. It's classified into four main subtypes based on predominant bowel habits:

• IBS-D: Diarrhea-predominant
• IBS-C: Constipation-predominant
• IBS-M: Mixed (alternating diarrhea and constipation)
• IBS-U: Unclassified

How does peppermint oil perform across these subtypes?

IBS-D and IBS-M: Strongest Evidence

The majority of positive RCTs — including the 2016 Cash et al. study — have focused on IBS-D and IBS-M patients. This makes physiological sense: peppermint's smooth muscle relaxant and anti-spasmodic effects are particularly relevant for the hypercontractile bowel activity seen in diarrhea-predominant IBS.

Peppermint gut motility research in IBS-D patients shows that peppermint can slow accelerated transit, reduce urgency, and decrease stool frequency — all hallmarks of IBS-D that respond well to smooth muscle relaxation.

For IBS-M, the alternating nature of symptoms means patients can benefit from the anti-spasmodic effects during diarrhea-dominant periods.

IBS-C: More Nuanced Picture

For IBS-C, the evidence is less clear. Constipation-predominant IBS is characterized by slow transit — and a smooth muscle relaxant that further slows motility could theoretically worsen constipation.

In practice, most clinical trials have not specifically examined IBS-C outcomes, and the few that have included IBS-C patients show less consistent results. The peppermint anti-spasmodic effect that benefits IBS-D patients may be less relevant — or even counterproductive — in IBS-C.

Practical guidance for IBS-C patients: Peppermint may still help with associated bloating, cramping, and abdominal pain in IBS-C, but it is unlikely to improve constipation itself and should not replace treatments targeting bowel transit.

Bloating Across All Subtypes

Bloating is present in significant proportions of all IBS subtypes. The evidence suggests that peppermint oil can reduce bloating regardless of IBS subtype — likely through its anti-spasmodic effects on gut muscle and its impact on visceral hypersensitivity.

However, it's important to note that most clinical trials measure bloating as part of a composite symptom score rather than as a primary isolated endpoint, making it harder to quantify bloating-specific effects precisely.

Side Effects and Safety

One of the reasons peppermint stomach calming approaches are gaining traction is their generally favorable safety profile compared to many pharmaceutical alternatives.

Common Side Effects

Heartburn and acid reflux remain the most frequently reported side effects, particularly with non-enteric-coated formulations. Peppermint relaxes the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), which can allow stomach acid to reflux upward. This is:

• Largely eliminated by using enteric-coated capsules
• More common with peppermint tea and liquid oil
• Particularly problematic for patients who already have GERD or acid reflux

Other mild reported side effects include:

• Perianal burning (particularly in IBS-D patients — menthol can cause a burning sensation during bowel movements)
• Mild nausea in some individuals
• Allergic reactions (rare)

Who Should Avoid Peppermint Oil

• Patients with GERD or significant acid reflux: Even enteric-coated formulations can sometimes worsen reflux symptoms
• Children under 8: Menthol can cause breathing difficulties in young children; peppermint oil is not recommended
• Pregnant women: Evidence is insufficient to confirm safety during pregnancy; caution advised
• Patients with hiatal hernia: The LES-relaxing effect of menthol can worsen symptoms
• Patients with achlorhydria (low stomach acid): Enteric coating may dissolve too early

Drug Interactions

Mentha piperita digestion research has identified a few important drug interactions:

• Peppermint oil inhibits CYP3A4, a key liver enzyme involved in metabolizing many medications. This can increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by this pathway, including some antifungals, statins, and immunosuppressants
• Discuss with your doctor or pharmacist if you take multiple medications
• Antacids and acid-suppressing medications (PPIs, H2 blockers) may cause enteric coating to dissolve too early — separate administration by at least 30 minutes

Long-Term Safety

No major long-term safety studies have raised red flags for enteric-coated peppermint oil at recommended doses. Most clinical trials have been 4–8 weeks in duration, and the ACG guidelines do not flag long-term safety concerns as a barrier to use. That said, data beyond 12 weeks of continuous use is limited, and periodic reassessment with your healthcare provider is prudent.

How It Compares to Prescription Drugs

A fair comparison between peppermint oil and pharmaceutical antispasmodics requires looking at efficacy, side effect profiles, cost, and accessibility.

Vs. Pharmaceutical Antispasmodics (Dicyclomine, Hyoscine)

Pharmaceutical antispasmodics like dicyclomine (Bentyl) and hyoscine (Buscopan) work through anticholinergic mechanisms to reduce smooth muscle spasm — a different pathway than menthol's calcium channel blocking action.

Efficacy comparison:

A 2020 systematic review found that both pharmaceutical antispasmodics and peppermint oil outperformed placebo for IBS abdominal pain. Direct head-to-head RCT data between peppermint oil and pharmaceutical antispasmodics is limited, but the meta-analytic effect sizes are broadly comparable.

Side effect profile:

| Factor | Peppermint Oil | Pharmaceutical Antispasmodics | |---|---|---| | Heartburn | Common (less with EC) | Uncommon | | Dry mouth | Uncommon | Common | | Urinary retention | None | Possible | | Constipation | Uncommon | Common | | Blurred vision | None | Possible | | Cognitive effects | None | Possible (especially elderly) | | Prescription required | No | Yes (most) | | Cost | Low–moderate | Moderate–high |

From a side effect standpoint, peppermint oil has a clear advantage — particularly for older patients and those sensitive to anticholinergic effects.

Vs. Low-FODMAP Diet

The low-FODMAP diet is the most evidence-based dietary intervention for IBS, with response rates of 50–80% in clinical trials. It's generally considered the gold standard non-pharmacological approach.

Peppermint oil is not an either/or choice with low-FODMAP eating. Many gastroenterologists recommend combining them — the diet addresses dietary triggers while peppermint oil addresses ongoing smooth muscle dysfunction. Several studies suggest combination approaches yield better outcomes than either intervention alone.

Vs. Antidepressants (Low-Dose TCAs and SSRIs)

Low-dose tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) like amitriptyline and SSRIs are used off-label for IBS, primarily targeting central pain sensitization and gut-brain axis dysfunction. These have stronger evidence for IBS-D (TCAs) and IBS-C (SSRIs) but come with significant systemic side effects and require physician oversight.

Peppermint oil is more appropriate as a first-line or adjunctive treatment — particularly for patients who prefer to avoid systemic medications or who have predominantly pain and bloating symptoms without significant psychological comorbidity.

Dosage and Practical Guidelines

Getting the dosage and timing right makes a meaningful difference in outcomes. Here's what the clinical evidence supports:

Recommended Dose

The dose used across most positive clinical trials is:

• 180–225mg of peppermint oil per capsule, 2–3 times daily
• Taken 30–60 minutes before meals (allows the capsule to reach the small intestine before food arrival stimulates motility)
• Use enteric-coated formulations only for IBS treatment

Some products use higher doses (up to 400mg per capsule) with similar safety profiles in short-term trials, but 180–225mg is the best-studied range.

Duration of Treatment

• Most trials show meaningful benefit within 2–4 weeks
• If no benefit is seen after 4 weeks of consistent use, it's unlikely to provide significant relief for that individual
• There's no established maximum duration, but most guidance suggests reassessing every 3 months

Timing Tips

• Avoid taking peppermint oil immediately before bed (lying down increases reflux risk)
• Don't combine with antacids or PPIs within 30 minutes — this can dissolve the enteric coating prematurely
• Consistency matters: the anti-spasmodic benefits appear to accumulate over time rather than producing immediate single-dose effects

Peppermint Tea as Complement

If you enjoy peppermint tea bloating relief as part of your routine, there's no harm in combining it with capsule therapy. Some patients find that a warm cup of peppermint tea after meals provides immediate comfort (likely through a combination of warmth, relaxation, and mild menthol activity), even if the tea alone doesn't replicate trial-level outcomes.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Does peppermint oil actually reduce bloating specifically in IBS?

Yes, but with nuance. Most clinical trials measure bloating as part of a composite IBS symptom score rather than as a standalone primary endpoint. Within those composite scores, bloating consistently improves along with abdominal pain. The peppermint anti-spasmodic effect on intestinal smooth muscle reduces the trapped gas and gut distension that contribute to bloating. However, if bloating is your only symptom, the evidence is less definitive than for the broader IBS symptom picture.

What's the difference between enteric-coated capsules and regular capsules?

Enteric-coated capsules have a special pH-sensitive coating that prevents dissolution in the acidic stomach environment. They only dissolve when they reach the more alkaline small intestine. This matters enormously because:

1. It delivers the oil where it's needed (small intestinal smooth muscle)
2. It prevents the LES-relaxing effect that causes heartburn
3. All positive clinical trials on peppermint capsules IBS have used enteric-coated products

Regular (non-coated) capsules dissolve in the stomach, bypassing the target tissue and increasing side effects.

Is peppermint oil safe for long-term use?

Based on available evidence, enteric-coated peppermint oil appears safe for short to medium-term use (up to 3 months based on trial data). No significant long-term safety concerns have been identified, but studies beyond 12 weeks are lacking. As with any supplement, periodic review with a healthcare provider is recommended.

Can I drink peppermint tea instead of taking capsules?

Peppermint tea bloating relief is a real but milder benefit compared to enteric-coated capsules. Tea contains far lower concentrations of menthol, lacks standardization, and doesn't deliver oil to the small intestine in therapeutic amounts. Think of tea as a comfortable, mild complement to treatment — not a replacement for the clinically validated capsule form.

Does menthol IBS relief work for IBS-C?

The evidence is less clear for IBS-C than for IBS-D and IBS-M. Since peppermint's primary mechanism is smooth muscle relaxation (which slows gut transit), it may not address — and could potentially worsen — the slow transit that underlies constipation-predominant IBS. It may still help with associated cramping and bloating in IBS-C, but consult your gastroenterologist before use if constipation is your primary symptom.

Are there any drug interactions I should know about?

Yes. The most clinically relevant interaction involves peppermint oil's inhibition of the CYP3A4 liver enzyme, which can increase blood levels of multiple medications. Additionally, antacids and acid-suppressing medications can dissolve enteric coatings prematurely. Always disclose peppermint oil use to your prescribing physician if you take other medications.

How quickly does peppermint oil work for IBS?

Most patients who respond to treatment report noticeable improvement within 2–4 weeks of consistent daily use. Some experience relief within the first week; others require the full 4-week trial period. The anti-spasmodic and gut-calming effects appear to build over time. If there's no improvement after 4 weeks of proper use, peppermint oil is unlikely to be effective for that individual.

Does it matter what brand of peppermint oil I take?

Yes — significantly. Formulation matters enormously based on the clinical evidence. Key factors:

• Enteric coating (must-have)
• Standardized menthol content (look for products listing peppermint oil content in mg per capsule)
• Third-party testing for purity and potency
• Manufacturer transparency about sourcing and quality control

Products like IBgard have been specifically studied in RCTs; other reputable pharmaceutical-grade enteric-coated peppermint oil products are also available. Avoid products that don't clearly specify the oil content or coating type.

Bottom Line

The clinical evidence for peppermint for IBS bloating is among the strongest available for any non-prescription IBS treatment. Here's the summary picture:

What the evidence supports:

✅ Enteric-coated peppermint oil capsules (180–225mg, 2–3x daily) significantly outperform placebo for global IBS symptom improvement and abdominal pain across multiple meta-analyses and RCTs

✅ Effect sizes are clinically meaningful — more than doubling the likelihood of symptom response compared to placebo in some meta-analyses

✅ The 2018 ACG Guidelines formally recognized peppermint oil as a clinically effective option for IBS symptom management

✅ The mechanism is well-understood — menthol's calcium channel blocking and TRPM8 activation provides a plausible, evidence-based explanation for the observed benefits

✅ Safety profile is favorable compared to many pharmaceutical alternatives, particularly regarding anticholinergic side effects

What the evidence cautions:

⚠️ Not all formulations are equal — enteric coating is non-negotiable for effective IBS treatment

⚠️ Results are less consistent for IBS-C than for IBS-D and IBS-M

⚠️ The 2023 PERSUADE trial introduced some uncertainty about newer formulation types and highlights that research is still evolving

⚠️ Heartburn remains a real risk without proper enteric coating; patients with GERD should exercise caution

⚠️ Drug interactions with CYP3A4-metabolized medications require physician awareness

The practical recommendation:

If you have IBS — particularly IBS-D, IBS-M, or predominantly pain-and-bloating presentations — enteric-coated peppermint oil is worth a serious 4-week trial. It's backed by better evidence than most natural remedies, costs significantly less than many prescription alternatives, and has a safety profile that makes it appropriate for most adults without significant GERD or drug interaction concerns.

As always, work with your gastroenterologist to ensure peppermint oil fits within your broader IBS management plan — whether that includes dietary changes, psychological therapies like gut-directed hypnotherapy, or pharmaceutical agents.

This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before starting any new supplement or treatment for IBS or any other medical condition.

References:

1. Khanna R, MacDonald JK, Levesque BG. Peppermint oil for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;48(6):505-512. PMID: 24100754.

1. Cash BD, Epstein MS, Shah SM. A novel delivery system of peppermint oil is an effective therapy for irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. Dig Dis Sci. 2016;61(2):560-571.

1. Merat S, et al. Novel peppermint oil formulation for dietary management of irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;11(9).

1. Ford AC, et al. American College of Gastroenterology monograph on management of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113(Suppl 2):1-18.

1. PERSUADE Trial (NCT05799053). Targeted-release peppermint oil in IBS. 2023.