Bromelain For Stomach Pain Clinical Trial

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Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before starting any supplement regimen, especially if you have a diagnosed digestive condition.

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Table of Contents

1. What Is Bromelain and Why Are Researchers Studying It?
2. The Clinical Trial Landscape: What Studies Actually Exist?
3. The 2025 Ulcerative Colitis Trial: The Closest Evidence We Have
4. Animal Studies on Gastric Ulcers: Promising But Limited
5. Bromelain Benefits for Stomach Pain: What the Evidence Supports
6. Bromelain Dosage for Stomach Pain: What Trials Used
7. Natural Sources vs. Supplements: Bromelain Tea and Extracts
8. Safety, Side Effects, and Drug Interactions
9. How to Choose the Best Bromelain for Stomach Pain
10. What Experts and Major Health Authorities Say
11. Frequently Asked Questions
12. The Bottom Line: Is There a Clinical Trial Proving Bromelain Relieves Stomach Pain?

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Introduction: The Question Millions Are Asking

Every year, millions of people search for natural alternatives to manage chronic digestive discomfort. Bromelain — a proteolytic enzyme extracted from pineapple — has quietly built a reputation as a promising natural anti-inflammatory and digestive aid. But when people search for a bromelain for stomach pain clinical trial, they often find confusing, incomplete, or misleading information.

The honest answer is nuanced: no human clinical trial has specifically tested bromelain alone for stomach pain or gastritis as of 2025. However, a meaningful and growing body of clinical research does examine bromelain's effects on closely related gastrointestinal conditions — including ulcerative colitis, gastric ulcer healing, and systemic inflammation — and that evidence is increasingly compelling.

This article cuts through the noise. We break down every relevant trial, review the actual data, address the most common reader questions, and give you a clear-eyed assessment of what bromelain can and cannot do for stomach pain based on the current state of clinical science.

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What Is Bromelain and Why Are Researchers Studying It?

Bromelain is a mixture of proteolytic (protein-digesting) enzymes derived primarily from the stem and fruit of the pineapple plant (Ananas comosus). It has been used in traditional medicine across South America and Southeast Asia for centuries as a digestive remedy and wound-healing agent.

From a biochemical standpoint, bromelain works through several mechanisms that are directly relevant to stomach pain and gastrointestinal inflammation:

• Proteolytic action: It breaks down proteins in the digestive tract, potentially reducing bloating, indigestion, and the inflammatory load associated with undigested food particles.
• Anti-inflammatory signaling: Bromelain modulates pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 — the same cytokines implicated in gastric inflammation, ulcerative colitis, and gastritis.
• Mucosal support: Early animal research suggests bromelain may enhance the regeneration of the gastric mucosa, the protective lining of the stomach.
• Fibrinolytic properties: Bromelain breaks down fibrin, a protein involved in inflammation and scar-tissue formation in the gut.

These mechanisms explain why researchers became interested in studying bromelain stomach pain as a clinical target — and why the existing trial data, while not perfectly aligned with "stomach pain" as a standalone endpoint, is still highly instructive.

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The Clinical Trial Landscape: What Studies Actually Exist?

This is the section that most articles get wrong, and it is worth being precise here.

When you search for a bromelain for stomach pain clinical trial, what you are really looking at is a gap in the literature — but not a gap in the science. Here is what actually exists:

What Clinical Trials on Bromelain DO Exist (as of 2025)

| Study Type | Condition Studied | Design | Key Finding | |---|---|---|---| | Triple-blind RCT (2025) | Ulcerative colitis | Placebo-controlled, 8 weeks | Significant reduction in SCCAI scores (p < 0.001) | | Osteoarthritis study | Knee pain/inflammation | 77 subjects, two-dose groups | 58.2% pain reduction at 400 mg/day | | Animal model study | Gastric ulcer healing | Laboratory animal model | Accelerated mucosal healing; glucosamine uptake rose from 30% to 90% | | Systematic review (2023–2024) | Inflammatory markers | 7 RCTs pooled | Most showed reduced inflammation; effects inconsistent across doses | | 54-study review (2024) | Multiple conditions | Narrative review | Strong evidence for sinusitis; insufficient evidence for bowel disease alone |

What Does NOT Exist

As of 2025, no published human clinical trial has evaluated bromelain alone specifically for stomach pain, gastritis, or functional dyspepsia in humans. This has been explicitly noted by Verywell Health and confirmed by a 2024 review of 54 bromelain studies published in a peer-reviewed journal.

This is not a reason to dismiss bromelain — it is a reason to interpret the available evidence carefully and honestly.

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The 2025 Ulcerative Colitis Trial: The Closest Evidence We Have

The most significant and recent piece of clinical evidence for bromelain and stomach pain relief — or more precisely, gut inflammatory pain relief — comes from a 2025 triple-blind randomized controlled trial published in Nature Scientific Reports.

Citation: Effects of bromelain supplementation on disease activity and quality of life in ulcerative colitis — Published 2025, trial conducted October 2023 to October 2024.

Study Design

• Trial type: Triple-blind, placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial (RCT)
• Condition: Ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic inflammatory bowel disease causing abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea, and mucosal inflammation
• Dose: 400 mg of bromelain per day
• Duration: 8 weeks
• Primary outcome: Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index (SCCAI) — a validated scale that measures UC symptoms including abdominal pain, bowel frequency, and rectal bleeding

Results

The results were statistically significant. The between-group difference in SCCAI score changes reached p < 0.001 in both the per-protocol (PP) and intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses — meaning the result was robust and not an artifact of trial dropout or incomplete compliance.

Participants taking 400 mg of bromelain daily experienced significantly greater reductions in disease activity scores compared to the placebo group. This included reductions in the abdominal pain component of the SCCAI.

Why This Matters for Stomach Pain

Ulcerative colitis is not the same as stomach pain in the casual sense, but here is why this trial is directly relevant:

1. Abdominal pain is a core symptom of UC. The SCCAI explicitly measures abdominal pain as a key endpoint. Reducing SCCAI scores means reducing pain.
2. The inflammatory mechanisms overlap. TNF-α, IL-6, and mucosal inflammation are central to both UC and general gastric inflammation (gastritis, peptic ulcer disease).
3. This is the first rigorous, placebo-controlled trial demonstrating that stomach pain with bromelain supplementation — in the context of gut disease — can be meaningfully reduced.

Limitations

Researchers and clinicians appropriately note that UC is a distinct diagnosis from generalized stomach pain or gastritis. Extrapolating these results to people with non-specific abdominal discomfort requires caution.

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Animal Studies on Gastric Ulcers: Promising But Limited

A comprehensive NIH-indexed review published in 2021 (PMC8067380) summarized animal model data on bromelain extract stomach pain mechanisms, specifically examining gastric ulcer healing.

Key Animal Study Findings

The animal data showed remarkable preliminary results:

• Radioactive sulfur uptake in gastric mucosal tissue increased to 50% in bromelain-treated animals, indicating accelerated tissue repair.
• Glucosamine uptake — a marker of new mucosal lining synthesis — rose dramatically from 30% to 90% following bromelain administration.
• Gastric mucosa in treated animals healed significantly more rapidly than in controls.

These findings suggest that natural bromelain stomach pain relief may operate partly through direct mucosal healing and not just anti-inflammatory cytokine suppression.

Why Animal Studies Matter — and Their Limits

Animal gastric ulcer models are a validated preclinical step in pharmaceutical development. The gastric physiology of common laboratory animals is sufficiently similar to humans to make these findings mechanistically relevant.

However, there are well-documented reasons why animal results do not always translate to humans:

• Dosing in animals is not directly proportional to human dosing
• The immunological microenvironment of the gut differs across species
• Animal studies cannot capture the complexity of human stomach pain causes (stress, H. pylori, NSAIDs, diet, etc.)

The bottom line on animal data: it provides a plausible biological mechanism for bromelain stomach pain supplement use in humans, but it is not a substitute for human trials.

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Bromelain Benefits for Stomach Pain: What the Evidence Supports

Based on the totality of the clinical and preclinical evidence, here is a structured, evidence-graded summary of bromelain benefits for stomach pain and digestive health:

Supported by Clinical Trial Evidence (Human)

✅ Reduction in gut inflammatory activity in ulcerative colitis — The 2025 RCT (p < 0.001) is the strongest signal. Abdominal pain and cramping associated with UC were reduced.

✅ Anti-inflammatory effects across multiple conditions — A systematic review of 7 RCTs found that most showed reduced inflammatory markers, including CRP and IL-6. Inflammation is a common driver of stomach pain across many conditions.

✅ General analgesic properties — The osteoarthritis trial (77 subjects) showed a 58.2% pain reduction at 400 mg/day and 67.6% of participants reporting definite overall improvement. While this is joint pain, it demonstrates bromelain's systemic analgesic capacity.

Supported by Animal or Mechanistic Studies Only

⚠️ Gastric ulcer healing — Animal models show accelerated mucosal repair and enhanced protective lining synthesis. No human RCT confirms this directly.

⚠️ Protective effects on gastric mucosa — The sulfur and glucosamine uptake data suggests mucosal protection, but requires human confirmation.

⚠️ Digestive enzyme support — Bromelain's proteolytic activity may help break down proteins and reduce indigestion, but this is based on mechanism, not clinical endpoints for pain.

Not Currently Supported by Any Trial

❌ Bromelain specifically for gastritis, dyspepsia, or stomach pain in healthy adults — No human RCT exists for this indication as of 2025.

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Bromelain Dosage for Stomach Pain: What Trials Used

One of the most searched questions around bromelain dosage for stomach pain is what amount actually works. Here is what the clinical trials used:

Clinically Studied Doses

| Trial | Condition | Dose Used | Outcome | |---|---|---|---| | 2025 RCT (Nature) | Ulcerative colitis | 400 mg/day | Significant reduction in SCCAI (p < 0.001) | | Osteoarthritis study | Knee pain | 200 mg/day vs. 400 mg/day | 400 mg group showed 58.2% pain reduction vs. 44.6% at 200 mg | | Systematic review pool | Various inflammatory conditions | Variable (160–3,000 mg/day range across 7 RCTs) | Inconsistent results partly attributed to dose variability |

Dosing Insights

The data consistently points to 400 mg/day as the more effective dose compared to 200 mg/day, at least for inflammatory pain. This is significant because many commercial bromelain stomach pain supplements are dosed at 250–500 mg, which falls within or close to the clinically studied range.

However, several critical caveats apply:

1. Bromelain is measured in both milligrams (mg) and GDU (gelatin-dissolving units) or MCU (milk-clotting units). A 500 mg tablet may have very different enzymatic activity depending on GDU content. Look for products that specify GDU — typically 1,200–2,400 GDU per 500 mg is considered pharmaceutical grade.
2. Timing matters: Bromelain taken between meals (not with food) reaches the bloodstream and exerts systemic anti-inflammatory effects. Bromelain taken with food primarily acts as a digestive enzyme.
3. Duration: The UC trial used 8 weeks. Shorter trials have shown less consistent results. If using bromelain for stomach pain relief, a minimum 4–8 week commitment appears necessary to assess efficacy.

What About Higher Doses?

Some practitioners use doses up to 2,000–3,000 mg/day for acute inflammation, but no standardized RCT supports this range specifically for stomach pain. The systematic review noted that high-dose inconsistency was a limiting factor in overall evidence quality.

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Natural Sources vs. Supplements: Bromelain Tea and Extracts

Not everyone wants to take capsules, and the question of bromelain tea for stomach pain and food-based sources comes up frequently.

Bromelain in Whole Pineapple

Fresh pineapple, particularly the core and stem, contains meaningful amounts of bromelain. However:

• Canned pineapple contains virtually no active bromelain — heat processing destroys enzyme activity
• Pineapple juice from concentrate similarly has minimal bromelain activity
• Fresh pineapple contains bromelain, but getting a therapeutic dose (400 mg equivalent) from food alone would require eating very large quantities

A realistic portion of fresh pineapple delivers far less bromelain than a standardized extract. Food sources are useful as a complementary strategy but should not be relied upon as a primary therapeutic intervention.

Bromelain Tea for Stomach Pain

Bromelain tea is typically made by steeping fresh pineapple core pieces in hot water. The appeal is obvious — it is natural, inexpensive, and easy to prepare.

The problem is thermostability: bromelain begins to denature (lose enzymatic structure and activity) at temperatures above approximately 60°C (140°F). Steeping in boiling water (100°C) will significantly reduce or eliminate bromelain's proteolytic activity.

If you make bromelain tea, let the water cool below 60°C before adding pineapple pieces to preserve enzyme activity. That said, even optimally prepared bromelain tea for stomach pain will deliver highly variable and generally sub-therapeutic doses compared to standardized supplements.

Bromelain Extract for Stomach Pain

Bromelain extract stomach pain supplements are manufactured through aqueous extraction and purification of the pineapple stem, then standardized to a specific GDU activity level. This is the form used in virtually all clinical trials.

Standardized bromelain extract offers:

• Consistent, measurable enzyme activity
• Defined dosing per capsule
• Stability and shelf life that food-based sources cannot match
• The ability to separate digestive and systemic anti-inflammatory uses through timing

For anyone seriously investigating natural bromelain stomach pain relief based on the clinical evidence, a standardized extract supplement is the appropriate vehicle.

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Safety, Side Effects, and Drug Interactions

Safety is a critical consideration for anyone exploring bromelain stomach pain supplement use, particularly those with pre-existing digestive conditions.

General Safety Profile

Bromelain has a well-established safety record. The systematic review of 7 RCTs noted that the most commonly reported adverse effects were mild gastrointestinal symptoms, and only 2 participants across the pooled trials discontinued due to adverse effects. The 2025 UC trial also reported that bromelain was generally well-tolerated at 400 mg/day over 8 weeks.

Common Side Effects

• Nausea (usually mild, resolves with food or dose adjustment)
• Diarrhea or loose stools (especially at higher doses)
• Stomach cramps (ironically, particularly in the first 1–2 weeks of use)
• Allergic reactions in individuals with pineapple, latex, or kiwi allergies

Serious Drug Interactions

This is where caution is genuinely warranted:

| Drug Class | Interaction | Clinical Significance | |---|---|---| | Blood thinners (warfarin, heparin, aspirin) | Bromelain has fibrinolytic properties; may amplify anticoagulant effect and increase bleeding risk | HIGH — avoid or use only under medical supervision | | Antibiotics (tetracycline, amoxicillin) | Bromelain may increase absorption and blood levels of certain antibiotics | MODERATE — may require dose adjustment | | Sedatives/anxiolytics | Possible potentiation of sedative effects | MODERATE | | NSAIDs | Additive anti-inflammatory effect; theoretically reduces risk but increases GI exposure | LOW-MODERATE |

Contraindications

• Known allergy to pineapple, latex, papaya, or related fruits
• Prior to surgery (due to anticoagulant effects — typically recommend stopping 2 weeks before)
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding (insufficient safety data)
• Active gastric ulcer with bleeding (the fibrinolytic action is theoretically contraindicated in acute hemorrhagic ulcers)

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How to Choose the Best Bromelain for Stomach Pain

If you have read the evidence and are considering a trial of bromelain for stomach discomfort or inflammatory gut symptoms, selecting the best bromelain for stomach pain comes down to several practical criteria grounded in the clinical trial data.

1. Look for Standardized GDU Activity

The most important quality metric is GDU (gelatin-dissolving units) per serving, not just milligrams. Aim for:

• Minimum 1,200 GDU per 500 mg for general use
• 2,400 GDU per 500 mg for pharmaceutical-grade potency comparable to clinical trials

Products that list only milligrams without GDU cannot be verified for actual enzyme activity.

2. Match the Clinically Studied Dose

The UC trial used 400 mg/day. Look for products allowing you to reach this dose either in a single capsule or two smaller capsules.

3. Consider the Form and Delivery

• Enteric-coated capsules may protect bromelain from stomach acid degradation, potentially improving bioavailability for systemic effects
• Plain capsules or tablets are appropriate when using bromelain primarily as a digestive enzyme (with meals)
• For systemic anti-inflammatory use targeting stomach pain and bromelain's anti-inflammatory mechanisms, enteric coating or between-meal dosing is preferable

4. Third-Party Testing and Certification

Look for products that carry:

• NSF International, USP Verified, or Informed Sport certification
• Certificate of Analysis (COA) from independent laboratory testing
• Non-GMO and allergen disclosure (critical given cross-reactivity with latex)

5. Avoid Unnecessary Additives

Some bromelain stomach pain supplements are formulated with papain, serrapeptase, or other enzymes. While this may enhance digestive effects, it complicates interpretation of results and increases allergy risk. For a targeted trial based on the clinical evidence, a pure bromelain extract is preferable.

6. Reputable Manufacturers

Pharmaceutical-grade bromelain extract for stomach pain should be manufactured in FDA-registered, GMP-certified facilities. Check the product label for GMP compliance and contact information.

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What Experts and Major Health Authorities Say

It is important to present the authoritative perspectives accurately, even when they are cautious:

Verywell Health

Verywell Health explicitly states that as of 2024, there are "no clinical trials in humans evaluating bromelain alone in bowel disease or gut health." They note that while bromelain is generally safe, evidence for stomach-specific applications remains insufficient to make definitive clinical recommendations.

National Institutes of Health (NIH) / NCCIH

The NIH acknowledges bromelain's anti-inflammatory properties and its traditional use as a digestive aid. NIH-indexed reviews (including PMC8067380) confirm that bromelain has demonstrated analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in multiple contexts, but underscore that stomach pain specifically lacks dedicated human trials.

The 2025 Nature Scientific Reports Trial (Peer Review)

The authors of the 2025 UC trial themselves note that their results, while significant, apply specifically to ulcerative colitis and call for further research into bromelain's effects on other gastrointestinal conditions. They characterize their work as the first triple-blind placebo-controlled trial of bromelain in UC — meaning this area of research is genuinely new.

Systematic Review Authors (2023–2024)

Authors of the 7-RCT systematic review concluded that bromelain reduces inflammatory markers in most studied contexts but noted that dosage variability and duration inconsistency across trials make definitive conclusions difficult. They called for standardized future trials.

2024 Review of 54 Bromelain Studies

This large review concluded that bromelain has strong evidence for sinusitis symptom relief and moderate evidence for inflammatory joint pain, but found insufficient high-quality evidence for gut or bowel disease as a standalone indication. They categorized this as a priority area for future research.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Does bromelain help with stomach pain or gastritis?

A: Some evidence suggests bromelain may help with stomach pain in the context of inflammatory bowel conditions like ulcerative colitis (p < 0.001 in a 2025 RCT), and animal studies show gastric mucosal healing. However, no human clinical trial has tested bromelain alone for gastritis or non-specific stomach pain. Mechanistically plausible; clinically unconfirmed for this specific use.

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Q: Is there a clinical trial proving bromelain reduces stomach pain?

A: Not directly. No human trial has used "stomach pain" as a primary endpoint for bromelain. The closest existing evidence is the 2025 UC trial (which measured abdominal pain as part of SCCAI) and animal gastric ulcer studies. Researchers consider human stomach pain/gastritis trials a priority gap in the field.

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Q: What dose of bromelain is best for digestive issues?

A: Based on the available clinical trials, 400 mg/day appears to be the most effective and well-studied dose. The UC trial used 400 mg/day for 8 weeks. An osteoarthritis study showed superior results at 400 mg compared to 200 mg (58.2% vs. 44.6% pain reduction). Always verify GDU activity, not just milligrams.

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Q: When should I take bromelain for stomach pain?

A: The answer depends on your goal. For digestive enzyme support (reducing bloating, indigestion), take bromelain with meals. For systemic anti-inflammatory effects targeting stomach or gut pain, take bromelain between meals on an empty stomach so it absorbs into the bloodstream rather than acting solely in the digestive tract.

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Q: Are bromelain supplements safe for long-term use?

A: The 2025 UC trial found 400 mg/day was well-tolerated over 8 weeks. A systematic review of 7 RCTs noted only 2 participants discontinued due to mild GI side effects across all pooled trials. Long-term data beyond 8–12 weeks is limited, but the short-to-medium term safety profile is favorable. Consult your physician for extended use, particularly if you take blood thinners.

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Q: Can bromelain interact with medications I take for stomach issues?

A: Yes, meaningfully. Bromelain interacts with blood thinners (increased bleeding risk — HIGH significance), antibiotics (increased absorption — MODERATE), and sedatives (potentiation — MODERATE). If you take proton pump inhibitors, H2 blockers, or antacids for stomach issues, these interactions are less documented but consultation with a pharmacist is advisable.

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Q: Is bromelain tea effective for stomach pain?

A: Bromelain tea is a traditional remedy with a plausible mechanism, but significant practical limitations. Boiling water destroys bromelain's enzyme activity. If prepared at below 60°C, some activity may be preserved, but the dose will be far lower than clinical trial doses. Bromelain tea may provide comfort and some benefit from warm liquid and pineapple phytonutrients, but it is not a substitute for standardized supplementation if you are seeking effects similar to clinical trials.

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Q: Is bromelain from pineapple the same as bromelain supplements?

A: Functionally similar, but practically different. Fresh pineapple core contains bromelain, but at highly variable and generally sub-therapeutic concentrations. Supplements are standardized extracts with defined GDU activity per dose. For health interventions, standardized supplements provide the consistent dosing that clinical trials use.

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The Bottom Line: Is There a Clinical Trial Proving Bromelain Relieves Stomach Pain?

Here is the honest, evidence-based answer:

Directly and specifically? No. As of 2025, no human randomized controlled trial has tested bromelain as a treatment for stomach pain, gastritis, or functional dyspepsia as primary endpoints.

In closely related conditions with significant overlap? Yes — and increasingly so.

The 2025 triple-blind RCT published in Nature Scientific Reports demonstrated that 400 mg/day of bromelain over 8 weeks significantly reduced abdominal pain and disease activity in ulcerative colitis (p < 0.001, both PP and ITT analyses) — making it the most rigorous evidence to date that bromelain and stomach pain relief are clinically connected, at least in inflammatory gut disease.

Animal models demonstrate accelerated gastric mucosal healing with bromelain. A systematic review of 7 human RCTs confirms consistent reductions in the inflammatory markers that drive stomach pain. An osteoarthritis trial confirms bromelain's analgesic properties at clinically relevant doses.

The gap in the evidence is specific and well-defined: no human trial for non-inflammatory, non-specific stomach pain or gastritis. This is a research priority, not a refutation of bromelain's biological plausibility.

What This Means for You

If you have inflammatory bowel disease or gut inflammation, the 2025 RCT provides genuine clinical rationale for discussing bromelain stomach pain supplement use with your gastroenterologist.

If you have general stomach discomfort, indigestion, or mild gastritis, the mechanistic and animal data provides a reasonable — though unconfirmed — basis for a carefully monitored trial at 400 mg/day for 8 weeks, using a standardized, GDU-verified bromelain extract for stomach pain.

In either case, bromelain is not a replacement for diagnosis or physician-directed care, particularly for stomach pain that is severe, persistent, or accompanied by alarm symptoms such as bleeding, unexplained weight loss, or vomiting.

The science of bromelain for stomach pain is young, honest about its gaps, and moving in an encouraging direction. The 2025 UC trial represents a genuine turning point. Future years are likely to bring the dedicated gastritis and stomach pain trials that this evidence base calls for.

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Summary: Key Evidence Points

| Evidence Type | Finding | Confidence Level | |---|---|---| | 2025 Human RCT (UC) | 400 mg/day reduced abdominal pain (p < 0.001) | HIGH for UC; MODERATE for general stomach pain | | Osteoarthritis RCT | 58.2% pain reduction at 400 mg | HIGH for joint pain; suggests analgesic capacity | | Animal gastric ulcer data | Mucosal healing accelerated; glucosamine uptake 30% → 90% | LOW for direct human application | | 7-RCT systematic review | Consistent anti-inflammatory marker reduction | MODERATE overall | | 54-study 2024 review | Insufficient evidence for gut disease specifically | Confirms evidence gap | | Safety data | Well-tolerated; 2 discontinuations across pooled RCTs | HIGH confidence in short-term safety |

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This article was written using peer-reviewed clinical trial data, NIH-indexed research reviews, and published systematic reviews. All statistics cited are drawn from primary sources. This content does not constitute medical advice and is intended for informational and educational purposes only.

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References:

1. Effects of bromelain supplementation on disease activity and quality of life in ulcerative colitis. Nature Scientific Reports, 2025. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-26975-1
2. Bromelain: A review of its mechanisms, pharmacological effects, and clinical applications. PMC / NIH, 2021. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/
3. Verywell Health. Bromelain: What Should You Know About It? https://www.verywellhealth.com/bromelain-what-should-you-know-about-it-88318
4. Bromelain supplementation and inflammatory markers: A systematic review. 2023–2024.
5. Critical review of bromelain health benefits: 54-study analysis. 2024.